urllib与http.client代理配置：Python标准库的代理使用指南

import urllib.request

# 1. 定义代理服务器的地址和端口
proxy_host = '127.0.0.1:8080'

# 2. 创建一个 ProxyHandler 字典，映射协议到代理地址
proxies = {
    'http': f'http://{proxy_host}',
    'https': f'http://{proxy_host}'  # 注意：即使是https目标，代理服务器地址通常也是 http:// 开头
}
proxy_handler = urllib.request.ProxyHandler(proxies)

# 3. 创建自定义的 opener
opener = urllib.request.build_opener(proxy_handler)

# 4. 可选：将这个 opener 安装为全局默认，之后直接调用 urllib.request.urlopen 也生效
# urllib.request.install_opener(opener)

# 5. 发起请求
url = 'http://httpbin.org/ip'
try:
    response = opener.open(url, timeout=10)
    print(response.read().decode('utf-8'))
except urllib.error.URLError as e:
    print(f"请求失败: {e}")

import urllib.request

username = 'your_username'
password = 'your_password'
proxy_host = '127.0.0.1:8080'

# 代理 URL 格式：http://username:password@ip:port
proxy_url = f'http://{username}:{password}@{proxy_host}'

proxies = {
    'http': proxy_url,
    'https': proxy_url
}

proxy_handler = urllib.request.ProxyHandler(proxies)
opener = urllib.request.build_opener(proxy_handler)

response = opener.open('http://httpbin.org/ip')
print(response.read().decode('utf-8'))

import http.client

proxy_host = '127.0.0.1'
proxy_port = 8080
target_url = "http://httpbin.org/ip"

# 1. 连接到代理服务器，而不是目标服务器
conn = http.client.HTTPConnection(proxy_host, proxy_port)

# 2. 发起请求时，路径部分必须是完整的绝对 URL (Absolute URL)
conn.request("GET", target_url)

# 3. 获取响应
response = conn.getresponse()
print("Status:", response.status)
print(response.read().decode('utf-8'))

conn.close()

import http.client

proxy_host = '127.0.0.1'
proxy_port = 8080
target_host = 'httpbin.org'

# 1. 连接到代理服务器（如果是普通的HTTP代理服务器，这里用 HTTPConnection 即可）
# 注意：即使目标是 HTTPS，代理服务器自身通常是基于 HTTP 的，所以先建立普通的连接
conn = http.client.HTTPConnection(proxy_host, proxy_port)

# 2. 建立 CONNECT 隧道到目标服务器的 443 端口
conn.set_tunnel(target_host, 443)

# 3. 发起请求，这里的路径就变成相对路径了
conn.request("GET", "/ip")

# 4. 获取响应
response = conn.getresponse()
print("Status:", response.status)
print(response.read().decode('utf-8'))

conn.close()

import http.client
import base64

proxy_host = '127.0.0.1'
proxy_port = 8080
target_host = 'httpbin.org'

# 构造 Proxy-Authorization 头
auth_str = "your_username:your_password"
auth_b64 = base64.b64encode(auth_str.encode('ascii')).decode('ascii')
headers = {
    'Proxy-Authorization': f'Basic {auth_b64}'
}

conn = http.client.HTTPConnection(proxy_host, proxy_port)

# 将认证头传递给 set_tunnel
conn.set_tunnel(target_host, 443, headers=headers)

conn.request("GET", "/ip")
response = conn.getresponse()
print(response.read().decode('utf-8'))
conn.close()

# 在 Linux / macOS 终端中
export HTTP_PROXY="http://127.0.0.1:8080"
export HTTPS_PROXY="http://127.0.0.1:8080"
export NO_PROXY="localhost,127.0.0.1" # 配置不走代理的局域网域名